Tris-buffered saline (TBS) is widely utilized as a versatile wash and dilution solution in various applications, such as phage display, cell culture, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It provides an optimal balance of buffering capacity and ionic strength, ensuring accurate and reliable results in biological and biochemical experiments. TBS is the go-to buffer for most phage-related protocols including biopanning, phage purification, and storage. The final concentrations of Tris-HCl and NaCl in this protocol are 50 mM and 150 mM, respectively.